NAA and NAAG variation in neuronal activation during visual stimulation

N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) and its hydrolysis product N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA) are among the most important brain metabolites. NAA is a marker of neuron integrity and viability, while NAAG modulates glutamate release and may have a role in neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity. Investigating on a quantitative basis the role of these metabolites in brain metabolism in vivo by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a major challenge since the main signals of NAA and NAAG largely overlap. This is a preliminary study in which we evaluated NAA and NAAG changes during a visual stimulation experiment using functional MRS. The paradigm used consisted of a rest period (5 min and 20 s), followed by a stimulation period (10 min and 40 s) and another rest period (10 min and 40 s). MRS from 17 healthy subjects were acquired at 3T with TR/TE = 2000/288 ms. Spectra were averaged over subjects and quantified with LCModel. The main outcomes were that NAA concentration decreased by about 20% with the stimulus, while the concentration of NAAG concomitantly increased by about 200%. Such variations fall into models for the energy metabolism underlying neuronal activation that point to NAAG as being responsible for the hyperemic vascular response that causes the BOLD signal. They also agree with the fact that NAAG and NAA are present in the brain at a ratio of about 1:10, and with the fact that the only known metabolic pathway for NAAG synthesis is from NAA and glutamate.

Calpains are Involved in Entamoeba histolytica-Induced Death of HT-29 Colonic Epithelial Cells

Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric tissue-invading protozoan parasite that can cause amebic colitis and liver abscess in humans. E. histolytica has the capability to kill colon epithelial cells in vitro; however, information regarding the role of calpain in colon cell death induced by ameba is limited. In this study, we investigated whether calpains are involved in the E. histolytica-induced cell death of HT-29 colonic epithelial cells. When HT-29 cells were co-incubated with E. histolytica, the propidium iodide stained dead cells markedly increased compared to that in HT-29 cells incubated with medium alone. This pro-death effect induced by ameba was effectively blocked by pretreatment of HT-29 cells with the calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. Moreover, knockdown of m- and micro-calpain by siRNA significantly reduced E. histolytica-induced HT-29 cell death. These results suggest that m- and micro-calpain may be involved in colon epithelial cell death induced by E. histolytica.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain in obstructive sleep apnoea in north Indian Asian subjects.

Background & objectives: Repeated apnoeic/hypoapnoeic episodes during sleep may produce cerebral damage in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The aim of this study was to determine the absolute concentration of cerebral metabolites in apnoeic and non-apnoeic subjects from different regions of the brain to monitor the regional variation of cerebral metabolites. Methods: Absolute concentration of cerebral metabolites was determined by using early morning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) in 18 apnoeic patients with OSA (apnoeics) having apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) >5/h, while 32 were non-apnoeic subjects with AHI< 5/h. Results: The absolute concentration of tNAA [(N-acetylaspartate (NAA)+N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG)] was observed to be statistically significantly lower (P<0.05) in apnoeics in the left temporal and left frontal gray regions compared to non-apnoeics. The Glx (glutamine, Gln + glutamate, Glu) resonance showed higher concentration (but not statistically significant) in the left temporal and left frontal regions of the brain in apnoeics compared to non-apnoeics. The absolute concentration of myo-inositol (mI) was significantly high (P<0.03) in apnoeics in the occipital region compared to non-apnoeics. Interpretation & conclusions: Reduction in the absolute concentration of tNAA in apnoeics is suggestive of neuronal damage, probably caused by repeated apnoeic episodes in these patients. NAA showed negative correlation with AHI in the left frontal region, while Cho and mI were positively correlated in the occipital region and Glx showed positive correlation in the left temporal region of the brain. Overall, our results demonstrate that the variation in metabolites concentrations is not uniform across various regions of the brain studied in patients with OSA. Further studies with a large cohort of patients to substantiate these observations are required.

Efeitos metabólicos da l-alanil-glutamina em ratos submetidos à isquemia da pata traseira esquerda seguida de reperfusão / Metabolic effects of l-alanyl-glutamine in rats subjected to left hind leg ischemia followed by reperfusion

OBJETIVO: Objetivou-se investigar os efeitos metabólicos da L-alanil glutamina no tecido muscular e sangue arterial de ratos Wistar submetidos à isquemia aguda da pata traseira. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 48 ratos machos distribuídos em 4 grupos (1- controle / 2 - experimento), redistribuídos em 2 subgrupos (n=06). Trinta minutos após a injeção de uma solução a 20 por cneto de L-alanil-glutamina (0,75mg/ grupo 2) ou solução salina (grupo 1) na veia jugular direita ocluiu-se a artéria ilíaca comum esquerda por 30 minutos, por pinçamento. Amostras musculares e de sangue arterial foram obtidas logo após a remoção da pinça (tempo 0) e 5, 15 e 30 mais tarde. RESULTADOS: Observou-se redução significativa (p < 0,05) da concentração de glicose tissular no animal tratado 15 minutos após o início da reperfusão. Houve aumento significativo das concentrações de glicose (grupo 2) nos tempos 15 min e 30 min em relação ao tempo 0 min. Não houve diferença na glicemia entre os dois grupos. Estes achados sugerem uma maior utilização da glicose pelo músculo isquêmico, através do ciclo malato-aspartato. A ausência de diferenças entre as concentrações de piruvato tissular, comparando-se os 2 grupos poderia ser explicada pelo reduzido tempo de isquemia. CONCLUSÃO: A L-alanil-glutamina estimula a. maior utilização da glicose, via glicólise, pela ativação do ciclo lactato-malato.

Metabolism of diglycine and triglycine by non-filtering kidneys

We have studied the metabolism of diglycine and triglycine in the isolated non-filtering rat kidney. Kidneys from adult male Wistar Kyoto rats weighing 250-350 g were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing either 1 mM diglycine or triglycine. The analysis of the peptide residues and their components was performed using an amino acid microanalyzer utilizing ion exchange chromatography. Diglycine was degraded to a final concentration of 0.09 mM after 120 min (91 per cent); this degradation occurred predominantly during the first hour, with a 56 per cent reduction of the initial concentration. The metabolism of triglycine occurred similarly, with a final concentration of 0.18 mM (82 per cent); during the first hour there was a 67 per cent reduction of the initial concentration of the tripeptide. Both peptides produced glycine in increasing concentrations, but there was a slightly lower recovery of glycine, suggesting its utilization by the kidney as fuel. The hydrolysis of triglycine also produced diglycine, which was also hydrolyzed to glycine. The results of the present study show the existence of functional endothelial or contraluminal membrane peptidases which may be important during parenteral nutrition.

Revisión: Dipéptidos en nutrición parental: de la ciencia básica a las aplicaciones clínicas

Los dipéptidos intravenosos parecen ser un medio muy prometedor para suministrar aminoácidos que de otra manera sería difícil administrar a través de infusiones de nutrientes. Ya se han hecho estudios experimentales y en seres humanos para analizar las propiedades fisicoquimicas y el metabolismo de muchos dipéptidos. Se ha descubierto que estos agentes, al igual que los aminoácidos libres aplicados por via intravenosa, pueden ahorrar nitrógeno y mantener los mismos niveles de proteína sérica. Otro beneficio es la posibilidad de administrar ciertos aminóacidos relativamente inestables o de mala solubilidad en las soluciones acuosas. En esta revisión se describen estos distintos aspectos de los dipéptidos intravenosos

Metabolism of dipeptides by isolated and perfused nonfiltering kidneys

Rehal metabolism of Glycyl-glycine (Gly-gly), Glycyl-proline (Gly-pro) and Prolyl-glycine (Pro-gly) was studied in the non-filtering, isolated perfused rat kidney. Gly-gly is metabolized by more than 90% after 120 min of perfusion. Gly-pro is more resistant to degradation and about 75% of the original peptide can be found intact in the perfusate at the end of perfusion. For Pro-gly only 25% reamins intact at the end of the experiment. Glycine was also monitored as another marker for dipepptide degratation and ins production increased throughout the perfusion time. In some experiments we also determined the production of proline. We conclude from these experiments that the basolateral membrane, or perhaps the kidney blood vessels, posses an efficient apparatus for the hydrolysis of Gly-gly and Pro-gly. This mechanism is less efficient in the case of Gly-pro. This confirms an earlier hypothesis that dipeptide metabolism does not occur solely in the brush-border membranes